Reproduction by Layering Among Conifers

Conifers in the Dry Country

Layering in crumpled sheets

We introduce a toy model of crumpled sheets, and use Monte Carlo simulation to show there is a first-order phase transition in the model, from a disordered dilute phase to a mixture with a layered phase. We demonstrate the transition through two order parameters, corr and lay, the first of which measures orientational order while the second measures bulk layering. An important feature of the ar...

Semantic Network Layering

The stack in various forms[1] has been widely used as an architectural template for networking systems. Recently the stack has been subject to criticism for a lack of flexibility. However, when it comes right down to it nobody has offered a truly compelling alternative. Various “cross-layer” optimizations have been proposed, but these optimizations are frequently hacks to achieve a particular g...

How fast do European conifers overgrow wounds inflicted by rockfall?

The capacity of trees to recover from mechanical disturbance is of crucial importance for tree survival but has been primarily investigated in saplings using artificially induced wounds. In this study, mature Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. trees growing on alpine slopes that were wounded by naturally occurring rockfall were analyzed to determine their efficien...

Cambium destruction in conifers caused by pinewood nematodes.

Percentage and rate of mortality in 2-4-year-old conifers depended upon the numbers of pinewood nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus inoculated into their stems. In addition, percentage of conifer mortality was greater for spring inoculations when cambial activity was greater than for late summer and fall inoculations. Gross and histological examination of stems revealed destruction of the camb...